我傾向認為那些聲稱美國大學教授左傾太強的人是過份簡單和被誤導的,他們常說,大學左傾、平民右傾,他們(作為平民)會不滿大學左傾。近例是〈速讀美國左右翼民情〉。按我膚淺認識,這主要是因為右派對左派的抹黑所致。近日有朋友提及這一份調查報告,顯示美國大學教授的政治立場,令我有深入一點的反思。
此項研究的負責教授是哈佛的 Neil Gross 和 George Mason University 的 Solon Simmons 。這報告花了近廿五頁討論以往的相關研究,指出有一整個時期裡(過去十至十五年左右),相關研究充斥著帶有政治議程的研究員,他們的研究結論常被用來批評大 學教授偏左,但其研究方法卻顯著地有錯謬的,甚至,證據明明沒有那麼明顯,他們卻講到事實就是如此。(主要請參pp. 12-20。)
如此,這項調查的研究員想小心一點地尋求真相,並且在調查裡加入社區學院 (community colleges) 的教授,因為以往的研究通常忽略了他們,但一般來說他們的政治觀點比較保守。這項調查看來的確是比較全面和公允的,然而,研究員也坦承,有一些教授拒絕 回應,令報告反映出的現象可能會過份偏左。(p. 23)
除此以外,對此研究我有一個保留。調查裡只要求受訪者 self-identify 自己在一個 7-point scale 上偏左抑或偏右,然後再把7-point scale 改為 3-point scale ,才得出好像很驚人的44-46-9(左中右)結果。我不太明白,為甚麼由計劃到實行都比從前小心的調查裡,卻只任由受訪者自我決定是甚麼立場。畢竟, liberal 和 conservative 概念模糊,定義不一。
另外,報告說他們也有調查受訪者投票取向(John Kerry v G W Bush)、對一些社會政策的取向(加稅、商家賺得太多等)、對性倫理的取向。那些是有參考價值的資料,但它們跟判斷教授政治立場取向,卻似乎沒有很直接 關係,例如人們可以有很多不同理由支持某類民主黨愛支持的立場,但他們卻不認為自己 liberal 或他們不是民主黨員。
當然,證據顯示,在這種種不同角度的分析下,左傾人士居多是明顯的,無法否認。研究員的評語也表達得中肯:
p. 28. ‘our findings thus suggest that, looking only at political orientation, the biggest change over the last thirty years involves not a growth in the number of professors on the far left hand side of the political spectrum, but rather a substantial defection away from the right and movement into moderate ranks.’
看到那裡,我漸漸想到,人數未必是那麼重要,最關鍵的應是校園裡的教學和形象怎麼樣。這個,研究員也有想到,他們也有調查以下幾項:
(一)教授立場有否影響其教學,
(二)教授是否主張中立地做研究,
(三)教授認為校園是否 open-minded ,
(四)教授正否認為政治正確是很重要的。
那裡所表達的,卻仍然是一個認真追求學問和避免受政治觀點影響的普遍態度。參以下引文:
pp. 61-69 Does it affect education?
p. 62 ‘when it comes to views of the proper relationship between politics and teaching, the professorial community is about evenly split, with half of professors believing that a teacher’s politics have no place in the classroom, and the other half more open to pedagogical styles in which teachers feel free to express their own positions. About 55 percent of respondents express agreement with the statement that when politically controversial issues arise in class, professors should keep their personal opinions to themselves. Similarly, about 40 percent of respondents say that professors should not be allowed to voice their anti-Iraq war views in the classroom. In terms of research, the majority of respondents – 70.9 percent – endorse the view that it is acceptable for professors to be guided by their political or religious values in the choice of research topic.’
p. 63 ‘In our sample, fervent neutrality was most common among professors teaching at elite, PhD granting schools (15.8 percent), and least common among professors teaching at liberal arts colleges (4.0 percent). In terms of broad disciplinary groupings, the insistence on neutrality is about four times more common among professors of the physical and biological sciences, computer science and engineering, health, and business (between 15.4 and 21.4 percent) than among professors of the social sciences (3.3 percent) and humanities (6 percent).’
p. 68 ‘One straightforward question we asked concerning the university environment was whether respondents agreed that colleges and universities tend to favor professors who hold liberal social and political views. Overall, 43.4 percent of professors agreed with the statement, and 56.6 percent disagreed. Conservatives were much more likely than liberals to agree: 81.0 percent of conservative professors expressed agreement, as compared to 30.0 percent of liberals. Nearly half of moderates, however – 48.7 percent – also agreed that liberals are favored, though it is important to note that the question did not ask respondents to give their opinion as to whether this situation was in any way unfair.’
pp. 68-69 ‘In light of conservative complaints that liberal orthodoxy has such a stranglehold on the university that certain issues – such as possible gender differences in scientific or mathematical aptitude – cannot be discussed or debated, another question we asked was whether respondents agreed that professors are as curious and open-minded today as they have ever been. Overall, 79.9 percent said that professors are open-minded and curious. 46.3 percent of conservatives, however, said that professors are not as open-minded and curious, as compared to only 17.4 percent of liberals, and about the same percentage of moderates. Half of conservatives thus see a problem where liberals and moderates do not. Along similar lines, we asked respondents whether most professors are respectful when students voice opinions that differ from their own. The vast majority – 87.7 percent – said that they are, but conservatives were nearly four times less likely than liberals and moderates to agree that most professors are respectful.’
p. 69 ‘What about views of political correctness on campus? We asked respondents to indicate their level of agreement with the statement, “The adoption of attitudes often labeled ‘politically correct’ has made America a more civilized society than it was thirty years ago.” Overall, 39.8 percent of respondents agreed. Where liberals expressed modestly high levels of agreement – 59.8 percent, a figure that should give pause to those who assume that academic liberalism necessarily means subscription to the canons of political correctness – only 23.8 percent of moderates, and 23.6 percent of conservatives, said they agreed. Likewise, we asked respondents if, in their opinion, too many professors these days are distracted by disputes over issues like sexual harassment or the politics of ethnic groups – major concerns of the academic New Left. Where only 18.4 percent of liberals said yes, too many professors are so distracted, 42.1 percent of moderates did, along with 64.5 percent of conservatives.’
如此,研究員的結論是,右傾教授多自以為有壓力,但其實大部份教授卻認為校園裡大家還是挺開明和自由的,甚至,他們歡迎有多些不同政治意見。
pp. 69-70 ‘Together, these findings suggest that conservative professors are quite unhappy with the current campus environment, at least with regard to politics, and that some moderate professors share some of their complaints. Whether moderates, who, as we have argued, comprise a sizable bloc, will feel so moved by these complaints that they will throw their support behind conservative proposals for reform remains to be seen. Given that most moderates in academe fall in the center/center left of the political spectrum, it may seem unlikely. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that most professors say they would welcome a greater diversity of political views on campus. 68.8 percent of respondents agreed with the statement, “The goal of campus diversity should include fostering diversity of political views among faculty members.” This question did not specify any particular kind of political diversity, and said nothing about concrete steps that might be taken to achieve it, but the high level of agreement suggests that internal campaigns to promote political diversity within the professoriate have at least some mobilization potential.’
最後,研究員對整項調查的結論,除了認為大學教授的確特別多左傾人士,也指出中間派的強大。而那些左傾人士,主要只集中於精英學府。
pp. 71-72 CONCLUSION
Our aim in this essay was to summarize the results of a new survey of the American professoriate, and make a preliminary effort to situate our findings against the backdrop of previous research on professors and their politics. Where first wave studies on the topic, carried out by sociologists like Paul Lazarsfeld and Seymour Martin Lipset, sought to identify relatively complex patterns of political belief among professors, the distribution of such patterns across fields and institutions, and some of the social mechanisms and processes that might account for them, second wave research, beholden to a political agenda, has had as its major goal to simply highlight the liberalism of the faculty. We have shown that there is more heterogeneity of political opinion among the professoriate than second wave studies have recognized. Although we would not contest the claim that professors are one of the most liberal occupational groups in American society, or that the professoriate is a Democratic stronghold, we have shown that there is a sizable, and often ignored, center/center-left contingent within the faculty; that on several important attitude domains – and in terms of overall political orientation – moderatism appears to be on the upswing; that, according to several measures, it is liberal arts colleges, and not elite, PhD granting institutions that house the most liberal faculty; and that there is much disagreement among professors about the role that politics should play in teaching and research.’
簡化地聲稱美國學界很左,平民很右,仍然不是合符事實的言論。不過,我得承認人數上左傾人士的確佔多,然而,更重要的是, 究竟左傾人士多了,是否令右傾人士在校園/學界裡抬不起頭做人,處處被歧視,大學教育不斷灌輸左傾思想?對此種種問題,這報告的答案都是否定的,頂多只是右派人士經常自以為有這些壓力,箇中原因是甚麼,恐怕多少因為他們的意識形態不斷把左派打造成壓逼者。希望美國的右派政治人士、美國福音派裡的親共和黨保守派,和香港的明光社陣營,不要再胡說美國大學被自由主義壟斷,無法尊重政治或宗教上的異議。
若然還有人覺得44-46-9(左中右)實在太左,為此極為擔憂,我會邀請他們反問一下,假如44-46-9變成9-46-44(左中右),究竟那可能世界裡主流右派,能否表現出今天主流的左派的寬容?無疑,左派的寬容在好些事情上未必真的很寛容,但我恐怕右派當道時,以今天右派人士的言行來推斷,我們可以找到的寬容會更加少!
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